Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana

Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and by 11% with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. To increase N fertilizer input would be one of the vital adaptive measures to ensure food security and maintain agricultural sustainability through the 21st century.     

黑碳吸附亚甲基蓝染料废水的行为研究

文章研究了黑碳吸附亚甲基蓝的动力学和热力学特性,探讨了温度、初始浓度、溶液pH值及转速等因素对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,吸附过程符合二级动力吸附方程,颗粒内扩散过程是影响吸附速率的主要控制步骤。用Freundlich方程能够更好地对吸附等温线进行拟合;吸附热力学研究表明:△H>0,说明吸附为吸热过程;△G<0,说明吸附质倾向于从溶液中吸附到吸附剂表面,反应过程是自发进行的;△S>0,说明固/液相界面上分子运动更为混乱。     

Biodegradability of soil water soluble organic carbon extracted from seven di erent soils

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is considered the most mobile and reactive soil carbon source and its characterization is an important issue for soil ecology study. A biodegradability test was set up to study WSOC extracted from 7 soils di erently managed. WSOC was extracted from soil with water (soil/water ratio of 1:2, W/V) for 30 min, and then tested for biodegradability by a liquid state respirometric test. Result obtained confirmed the finding that WSOC biodegradability depended on the both land use and management practice. These results suggested the biodegradability test as suitable method to characterize WSOC, and provided useful information to soil fertility.     

某水源地四氯化碳人体健康风险评价动态分析

四氯化碳是地下水中常见的有机污染物,文章针对某市南区供水水源地岩溶地下水遭受四氯化碳污染的情况,对供水区人群通过食入和皮肤接触四氯化碳从而对人体健康可能造成的影响进行了风险评价,并分析了该地区多年来健康风险的动态变化。结果显示从2001～2007年供水区人群风险指数整体呈下降趋势,四氯化碳污染所带来的健康危害逐渐减弱。距污染源最近的X-49井是存在风险最大的水井,非致癌指数最高为10.2,致癌指数最高为5.29×10-4,均超过规定标准。     

微波活化制备麻疯树果壳活性炭研究

实验采用微波法制备麻疯树果壳活性炭,以磷酸为活化剂,在800W固定微波功率下,辐照时间和活化剂的浓度是主要影响因素。最佳条件为辐照时间8min,磷酸浓度40%。最佳条件下制得的果壳炭碘值达704.4mg/g。测得该果壳炭比表面积为651.6m2/g,总孔容达0.49mL/g,孔结构以1～10nm孔径为主,达到商业活性炭的标准。表面官能团以含O官能团和含C官能团为主,其中C-C类和C-O类官能团含量较高。     

核桃壳质活性炭的制备及吸附恶臭气体的研究

研究了用ZnCl2活化法制备核桃壳质活性炭的工艺条件及其改性前后吸附典型恶臭气体硫化氢的硫容量及穿透行为：结果表明：ZnCl2质量分数60％,300℃炭化80min,500℃活化60min,制得的活性炭脱硫硫容量高,穿透时间长;性能表征测得其碘吸附值可达880mg／g以上,吸附效果明显优于市售活性炭。用质量分数为1％的KIO3改性后的活性炭脱硫性能明显提高。     

甲醛等室内主要污染物分布特征与影响评价

现代人80%以上的时间是在室内度过的,室内实际上已成为越来越多的人最直接、最经常的生活环境。与此同时,室内空气质量的优劣也越来越受到人们的关注。本文在呼和浩特市选择不同时间装修的居室,对其室内空气中甲醛、氨、一氧化碳、氡的含量进行了实测,分析了居室装修后室内主要空气污染物的污染水平以及各污染物的分布特征。数据表明,目前新近装修的居室内存在严重的甲醛污染,其超标率达到55.81%,随装修后时间的推移室内甲醛含量逐渐减少,其超标率逐渐降低,说明室内甲醛含量与室内通风状况有明显的正相关性;在所测定的居室中,一氧化碳及氨均未超标,氡的超标率为20%。     

活性炭再生及其在水处理中的应用

活性炭的再生方法有很多,如热再生法、生物再生法、化学溶液再生法、湿式氧化再生法、超临界萃取再生法、电化学再生法、超声波再生法、微波辐照再生法等。不同的方法有不同的特点适用于不同的工业废水处理。     

黑钨渣的酸分解与萃取工艺优化研究

采用X—射线荧光和粉末衍射分析了钨渣的元素组成及赋存方式,采用酸分解—萃取工艺富集了钨,研究了最佳的酸分解—萃取工艺条件。     

糠醛废水制备醋酸钙镁工艺中活性炭最佳吸附条件的试验研究

为了提高糠醛废水中和法生产醋酸钙镁(CMA)的纯度,采用活性炭对含CMA约30%的浓缩液进行预处理,结果表明活性炭吸附的最佳工艺条件为:活性炭使用量占液体质量的10%,加入少量硅藻土为助滤剂,温度为60℃,充分混合吸附30 min,反复过滤6次CMA含量可达29.19%.